By creating complete news coverage in various fields, including social, political, economic, etc., these collections try to direct public opinion towards their goals. Therefore, knowing how to inform virtual social networks about global events and
developments is considered necessary
.Due to the wide dominance of virtual social networks in today's societies and the fact that this phenomenon has the feature of fluidity and dynamic movement, it is necessary that along with the technological development and content of virtual social networks, in different dimensions, their function, especially their role in social studies should be further studied in the era of globalization.
Definitions and concepts
Globalization: the concept of " globalization " in the dictionary of social sciences "Nelson " [2] Such is defined as "the process of globalization follow: the broad international communications organizations, economic and trade and economic sphere it can trade agreements and international large increase "Anthony Giddens" [3] considers globalization as an economic phenomenon on the basis of which connections are made worldwide, or it can be said that the global economy was born or in It is now being born in which separate national economies as well as internal economic management strategies are losing more and more credibility.According to Robert Cox [4] , the characteristics of the process of globalization are: the internationalization of production, the new international division of labor, the migration from south to north and the new competitive environment that is found during globalization.
Bhatta "Baker", "Austin" and "Pauline" [5] , the globalization of rapid growth or the level of economic cooperation between states and countries Belaya and national economies. (Same)"Barcelona" [6] defines globalization as transition [7] , transformation [8] and transcendence [9] . (Qaraghandy, 1376: 412)
"Globalization phenomenon" means the formation of a global network for the exchange of information. " Rajai " predicted Marshalhrbrt Mac-Lohan [10] (80-1911) Canadian theorist tells how communication is improving, global village of humanity will create scattered across five continents. According to some thinkers, this prediction came true with the global networks that connected the four corners of the universe. This process is called globalization.
The age of information and communication has taken the tools to achieve this communication, and more importantly, has reduced the importance of borders. As a result of the information revolution, the world has really become a sphere, that is, the world village. According to different views in this regard, several views are referred to: " Helton considers globalization as an independent change that affects dependent variables such as nation-state. In other words, the developments within national governments are a function of the quality of the globalization process. According to McGrew Globalization means increasing the slogan of connections and interrelationships that extend beyond governments and build a new world order, or globalization refers to a process through which events, decisions and activities of a part of the world can have important consequences for individuals and Communities in many parts of the world, or globalization, is a kind of transformation of social geography characterized by the growth of extraterrestrial spaces. In other words, globalization is a multifaceted dynamic with major drivers driven by realistic knowledge, capital production, technological innovations, and organizational measures. Regarding the process of globalization, "Danish" believes that we are now living in a period of transition in which politics and economics will shape the next century in a way in which there will be no national products and technologies, national companies and national industries. " McEwan. "Globalization is seen as the international expansion of productive relations and the exchange of capital.
In other words, globalization is a multidimensional process in which countries, cities, and peoples become closer to each other through expanding flows, populations, goods, capital, services, and ideas. The " World-dealer " is not the best policy, but the reality is unavoidable and avoid. " Anthony Giddens He believes that globalization is in fact the pervasiveness of the inherent features of modernity and modernity, which, with the proliferation of means of communication and the inability of national borders and sovereignty to control the international media, spread to all parts of the world. (Modernization reshapes our lives), states: "We live in an important period of historical transition, which means that globalization is rearranging all societies on the planet. It forgives, and although sometimes the results are unpredictable, it is generally progressing in a positive direction. In this way, globalization from Giddens' point of view, although always progressing, will also face obstacles in its path, which are considered as the opposition between tradition and modernity.
In his book Sociology, Giddens defines globalization as follows: "The spread of social and economic relations around the world in the present age affects many aspects of people's lives from organizations and social networks that are thousands of miles away from the communities in which they live. "One of the main aspects of the study of globalization is the emergence of a world system; that is, in some ways we must consider the world as a single social order."
Globalization is an old concept on the one hand and a completely new one on the other. If we consider globalization as an ideal, abstract concept, meaning global justice and the expansion of human rights, this concept has been repeated by prophets and different religions, and on the other hand, following the path of globalization among theorists and sociologists such as Max Weber, Durkheim, Marx and Wallerstein can be traced. Formal rationality and the wisdom of the instrument that results from disenchantment, and Weber's view, however, suggest a trend. He has arrived at a general law based on a pessimistic belief in which a trend can be seen. Durkheim discusses the division of labor, the material and moral density, and the transformation of mechanical to organic correlations, all of which presuppose a kind of new world, and the division of international labor, a kind of globalization. But if we consider globalization in its objective sense, according to the definitions provided, to create profound changes in various fields, it is a new concept that has materialized since the collapse of communism and the bipolar system and finally the end of the Cold War. The atmosphere of the Cold War was a major obstacle to globalization, as there were many barriers to the application of a wider range of concepts, both physically, ideologically, and psychologically, as well as in the Eastern and Western blocs, so that many patterns of behavior You were excluded from globalization. Thus, the intensification of the process of globalization that accompanied the end of the Cold War, on the one hand caused the collapse of the bipolar system and on the other hand questioned the foundations and principles of the Enlightenment, disrupted the three concepts of foundation, unity and ultimate goal. The issue of multiplicity has brought with it diversity and multiplicity.
Distinctive feature of globalization
The characteristic of this phenomenon and this new historical period can be unity in plurality and plurality in unity, or in other words, " a civilization of many civilizations.The global village and the expansion of new media and the reality of globalization mean that the progress made by the scientific and industrial revolution, especially in the field of communication, opens the door to the emergence of forces, institutions and networks that have a global nature and dimension. As a result, it raises many problems on a global scale that cannot be solved except with comprehensive global policies, in other words, global problems require global policies, strategies, and plans, which in turn means the emergence of opportunities and opportunities. The groundwork for the realization and implementation of the process of globalization. The forces and capacities that have left their specific scope and taken on global dimensions and dimensions are now demanding decisions on a global scale and scale.
Notices
One of the basic functions of media, including social networks, is to inform about developments and events that take place in the social environment. The remarkable development of the mass media in the present century has turned the world into a small village where human beings have the opportunity to be informed of all the events and happenings of the world quickly and comprehensively. In the age of communication, no event, however, in the most remote places, is limited to a specific geographical area, and hence three characteristics: transcendence, transcendence, and extraordinary speed are the hallmarks of mass media. Today, all aspects of human individual and social life penetrate the media and are presented through the media, from the most specific human behavior to the greatest changes in social institutions and cultural and political structures.
Information is the science of adapting (collecting, storing and processing information) and making information available (retrieving and transmitting information). (Ghobadi, JIS. Mht) Information science is a scientific discipline that studies the quality and application of information, the forces that control the flow of information and information preparation tools for access and optimal use of it. The job of information knowledge is to address the part that relates to the production, collection, organization, storage, retrieval, translation, transmission, conversion, and application of information. (Vickery 1380, 21)
McQuail describes the function of media information in society:
- Providing information about events and conditions in society and the world;
- refers to power relations;
Facilitate innovation, adaptation and progress.
Social Networks
In the world of scientific communication, social networks can be considered as effective platforms in the production of science, sharing of ideas and individual and social growth. The purpose of the social network is to help the growth and promotion of science by providing the possibility of connection between individual capital and the formation of social capital.
The overall goal of any social network is to create social capital and facilitate communication between professionals, artists and professionals. The conversion of individual capital into social capital is one of the most important issues in all scientific fields. In this way, individual knowledge becomes collective knowledge and in fact collective knowledge is used to solve problems and problems in the world of science.
Virtual social networks
The communication revolution has created a new kind of virtual communication that is devoid of the spirit that governs real social relations. Through satellite, internet, etc., a new world is created parallel to the real world. Electronic media has a wide and diverse audience that offers collections in terms of symbolic content to this audience. Under such conditions, cyberspace is formed and cultures are all transmitted through electronic intermediaries and the concepts of time and place find new meanings. Spatial and temporal distances are virtually eliminated, and the transfer of information, data, and capital, and the possibility of simultaneous communication between individuals in different places.
Over the past few years, the world has entered a new world called " Web 1 " and then " Web 2 ", which in a short time, " Web 2 " has been welcomed by cyberspace users due to the possibility of two-way interactive communication. Now, the results of research show the increase of virtual activists compared to social networks, which have become the most popular type of websites in the current era, and users have devoted a significant part of their time to these networks.
In the "Web 1", the world of information at intervals between 1990 and 2000 revolutionized by creating universal access to different information without any limitation, in the physical world of tremendous instability in the area of access to information and the advancement of science and then " Web 2And since 2000, two-way websites and virtual social networks have transformed the world of communication to such an extent that this time, while receiving messages, users are personally feeding the sites and blogs.
The development of blogs began in 1999 and in Iran since 2001 with the launch of several free or low-cost services related to blogs and blogging, and as a media of generalized dialogue, so that most bloggers use blogs to discuss topics of interest and with Using multiple links allows readers to follow their favorite topics and encourages them to express their opinions and views while participating in the topics and being aware of other available perspectives.
Overall, this two-way communication [11] on " Web 2 " will create social networking giant like Facebook-books [12] (the third largest community in the world), Amazon [13] (the largest bookstore in the world), wiki-Wikipedia [14] (the largest encyclopedia in the world ), Abaci [15] (the largest supermarket in the world) and many others, has become human in all areas of life and has somehow affected all social relations of human society.
According to communication experts, social networks have led to the formation of concepts such as intimacy and trust in cyberspace, concepts that in the not so distant past were achieved and realized as a dream.
Information and communication networks
Today's world is changing rapidly and the Internet is one of the main factors in globalization. The penetration of the waves of globalization into the borders, which has taken many governments by surprise and shaken the foundations of governments, has been realized through the mass media. The development of new communication technologies has led to several new situations: First, in terms of time, societies and individuals (at different levels of analysis) are in a state of contemporaneity despite the great distance between them.
A situation that has led to the coexistence of people worldwide. (Temporal-global coexistence) Second, spatially, with the expansion of modern software communications, the role of space and spatial distances diminishes. A clear example is the smooth passage of phenomena across the " border “Countries. In fact, new communication technologies in the world have objectively realized the idea of the so-called global village, and people now live in a world that is under each other's keen eye in every way. The term " global aquarium" or " glass world " may have originated from this notion.
One of the most important aspects of the globalization process is the emergence of information and communication networks, including the Internet, which has bridged distances and in a short time, transmits a large amount of information and the possibility of communication between people around the world and Provides access to up-to-date information. The factor of mass media and its role in social developments and human societies, especially now, is so prominent that scientists have inevitably called the 21st century the " age of the information explosion " and the " information technology revolution."
With the expansion of communication networks, the concept of geographical territory and the sovereignty of states over their physical borders has faded, and in the global network, virtual communities have been formed and individuals have formed a virtual community without meeting each other. [16] As Daniel Bell predicted in 1987 the elimination of geography as a controlling variable, the symbol of today's nation is shared information, not the common blood and land we call the Infon Nation. As Walker argues, in an increasingly interdependent world, other traditional boundaries of political societies will be transcended. (Wilken, 1991: 82) Today, even public opinion is formed and directed through virtual organizations and networks, and these organizations defend the rights of their individuals, and through these networks, individuals transfer their demands to governments and put pressure on them. they give. Today, individuals and organizations make people aware of their vital issues through the media and shape public opinion. The Greens and feminists today make the most use of the mass media to pressure governments to respect environmental standards and women's rights. Human rights organizations, children, prisoners and the oppressed today use the media in a way that shapes public opinion, outside the filters, channels and official framework of governments, and as we see, governments are tightly controlled by the media as claimed. In civil society, the media are not only intermediaries between the government and the people, but also the duties of other institutions, and there is talk of politicizing the media. (Baradaran, 1378: 406) Human rights organizations, children, prisoners and the oppressed today use the media in a way that shapes public opinion, outside the filters, channels and official framework of governments, and as we see, governments are tightly controlled by the media as claimed.
In civil society, the media are not only intermediaries between the government and the people, but also the duties of other institutions, and there is talk of politicizing the media. (Baradaran, 1378: 406) Human rights organizations, children, prisoners and the oppressed today use the media in a way that shapes public opinion, outside the filters, channels and official framework of governments, and as we see, governments are tightly controlled by the media as claimed. In civil society, the media are not only intermediaries between the government and the people, but also the duties of other institutions, and there is talk of politicizing the media. (Baradaran, 1378: 406)
Social capital
Social capital is considered as a source for " collective action " and this source, in addition to awareness and attention to public socio-political affairs (cognition), ie awareness that causes interest and concern, includes the norms of trust, whether public or generalized trust and trust. Institutional / civic, norms, or interactive behaviors that operate within social networks and are structural elements of formal and informal networks and partnerships. The results of social capital within the network include a set of collective actions in various forms and sizes.
"Social capital is a set of existing or potential resources that depend on the ownership of a sustainable network of more or less institutionalized relationships; People who know each other and owe it to themselves, or in other words, belong to a group, as a set of agents who not only have common domains, but are also interdependent with lasting and beneficial bonds. "These common areas are visible to the outside world, to others or to the perpetrators themselves." (Kazem pour, 1383: 24)
New topics and topics around " social capital " are realized when interpersonal relationships are transformed in a way that facilitates action. If physical capital is completely tangible and materialized and visible, and human capital is manifested in the skills and knowledge acquired by the individual. Social capital is more intangible and is embodied in interpersonal relationships, and if physical and human capital facilitates the relations of production, social capital acts like them, with a group of members who are more trustworthy and cooperative doing much more than the group that They lack that credibility.
Social capital in Iran, in order of importance, is influenced by the following factors: religious commitment, education, formal participation of a family member, age, gender and religion. (Firoozabadi, 1384: 3)
Effective communication
This ability helps a person to be able to express themselves verbally and non-verbally and in accordance with the culture, society and situation, which means that the person can express their opinions, ideas, desires, needs and emotions and can ask others for help when needed. To guide. The skill of asking for help and guidance from others, when necessary, is an important factor in a healthy relationship.
participation
"Participation means purposeful, voluntary and voluntary action means inner freedom with the characteristic of interaction between the actor and his social and environmental context and conscious acceptance of doing something or part of things in the form of assistance, assistance, cooperation and cooperation of desire and desire. "The need and with the aim of improving social life, as one of the factors influencing the process of social affairs and national development has been proposed by various experts." (Coleman, 1377: 42)
We consider participation as the involvement of individuals in society in order to increase social adjustment and strengthen social security, which is the basis for sustainable development of society. "(Kazemipour, 1383: 7)
Public participation gives people the opportunity to participate in determining their own destiny and building their future. "Some of the activities that include various cases of social participation include: introducing and identifying criminals in all cases, voting, registration, activities for collecting votes and registering voters, writing articles and speeches, and membership in associations and councils, etc." Searching for information, discussing and accepting new people, participating in political rallies, donating money to candidates' campaigns, liaising with representatives, participating in charitable affairs, participating in development projects and projects, participating in the establishment of trade unions, participating in support programs The environment and the like. " (Coleman, 1373: 37)
Communicative action
Communication leads to joint action and changes the environment and improves the situation of individuals and groups. At the same time, it facilitates the use of communication to achieve other uses, and a process begins that, if the conditions are right, creates a spiral of dual identity, community, awareness, and action, helping the individual or group to achieve its goals. "(Chalabi, 1375: 21)
According to Durkheim, social action "involves the act, thought, and feeling that are outside the individual and have the power of coercion to impose themselves on the individual." Therefore, it can be said that Durkheim has two criteria for the objectivity of actions:
· Externality of states of action, thought and feeling in relation to persons.
· Algebra and the pressure that people endure.
· Understanding the meaning and objectivity that Durkheim attributes to action depends on understanding the two concepts of collective and individual conscience that he proposes.
· The connection of virtual social networks with globalization
Conceptually, globalization implies the integration of the world and the density of consciousness relative to the world as a whole. This process, despite some discontinuities, has always existed throughout human history and today has become an important topic in the focus of politicians and researchers in various fields and the most common concepts of the humanities. Among many others, including theorists and scientists, the historical background of globalization goes back to a series of fragmented and fragmented phenomena that occurred in the second half of the twentieth century. .
Some conservatives, such as Huntington, insist that politics continue as usual. But now civilizations have replaced nation-states as political units, and the struggle for power and the clash between states is giving way to the clash between civilizations. Martin Elbrol [17] defines globalization as the process by which all the peoples of the world come together in a single, inclusive global society. (Honesty, 1379: 11)
Landsat globalization process knows that in the space [18] a new society. (Chaucil, 2000: 427)
democracy-cosmopolitan [19] defines itself at the same time also have a plurality Frhngyvaqtsady. (Held, 1999: 12) Referring to the information age [20], Emmanuel Castell considers globalization as the emergence of a kind of network society that includes the continuation of the capitalist movement of economy, society and culture (Castelli, 1998: 38).
According to Anthony McGraw, globalization means increasing the number of connections and interrelationships that extend beyond governments and, consequently, beyond societies, and build a new world order. Globalization is the process by which events, decisions, and activities in one part of the world can have important consequences for individuals and societies in far-flung parts of the globe. (Williams, 1379: 137)
One of the concepts and terms widely used in the fields of " cultural ", " Plug-in ", " management " and " university ", and " intellectualism " Country " community intelligence " that some expressions as follows: "the first letter in today's world The more information he gives, the more success he has. We have entered the era of information explosion and it is no longer possible to prevent or control the infiltration and spread of information. "With globalization, all borders have been crossed and the time and space gap has disappeared."
The information society, like many other social science concepts, has been defined in many ways. " Webster " (1383) in a general division Pnjgvnh offers these definitions: one economic, technological 2 3 5 4 places cultural work. One of the most important types of Webster is the definition of technology-based, which collectively refers to changes and developments in the field of technology that ultimately makes " information " the most central social variable. That is, after being established in the community of these technological innovations, we can speak of an " information society ". The final product developments multimedia-of-the technique mainly to the phenomenon [21] On the one hand, and unite telecommunications, computer technology, satellites and communications on the phenomenon of "The Internet "leads from the other side. Internet contains all the features that modern communication technologies enumerated: interactivity [22] , decentralization [23] , resilience [24] and asynchronisity [25] . (Mehrdad, 2001: 5) The Internet is the soul of the conditions of media saturation and the collection of new communication technologies and the rapid acceleration index in the last decade of the twentieth century and the years before the third millennium; Years in his literature, he will record this greatest achievement of human communication at the top of the list of postmodern media as an unlimited space of information. (Thanksgiving, 2001: 8)
With the increasing and astonishing development of mass media in the world and the possibility of accessing the latest news and written, audio and visual reports from the farthest regions of the world and the optimal use of media and super media, some Western thinkers and experts have realized the new global media as a platform. They know the process of globalization is accelerating and uninterrupted.
Society, like a living being, is constantly changing, evolving, evolving and revolutionizing, which scientists believe, with these characteristics, is moving towards evolution and dynamism. Transformation is one of the obvious and undeniable features of society, and among them there are elements and factors that regularly provide the conditions and context for these changes.
In the political arena, the mass media has an undeniable and effective role. From public mobilization and directing public opinion to helping governance, monitoring the performance of government ideals, strengthening civic institutions, encouraging citizens to participate widely, inciting national and political sentiments in society, exposing behind-the-scenes clashes in political movements, conveying messages and demands to the government and Reflecting the activities, programs and actions of the government in society and ....
Mass media has a special place in institutionalizing political pluralism, explaining the views of different parties and promoting democracy, etc., especially during the transition period, it helps a lot in overcoming the crisis. Because "one of the main components of the transition period is the existence of mass media with a collectivist approach to modern political and social values, because the diversity and multiplicity of mass media, providing cultural-political pluralistic solutions to the transformation of traditional foundations, has a profound effect. Acceleration in the new political process and institutionalization of modern social norms. "In fact, the prominence and appropriateness of the role of the media in the development of democracy and its consolidation as a modern political model has a transformative force in certain relations and norms in politics and society."
Morad Ali Sadoughi, in his book Information Technology and National Sovereignty, writes about the role and impact of the media: "The damage to the old hierarchies is the spread of power among groups and individuals, the denationalization and territorialization of the economy and politics, and ... and finally the end of the life of the nation-state." (Sadoughi, 2001: 48)
Conclusion
The goal of globalization is to reach the world age, and the characteristic of the world age, according to many thinkers, is the collapse of artificial boundaries and the serious presence of natural boundaries. According to them, artificial borders, which contain national and racial policies, and which have emerged since the era of nation-state rule, are collapsing and being replaced by natural borders. Natural borders, which are not subject to land, are created by like-minded groups with common interests, and at the same time are scattered around the world, forming new and interfering communities, a living example of which is pro-environmental groups. In such changes, governments completely lose their decision-making power, and power is transferred from the realm of government to the public sphere and the people, and the people become the owners of power.
In contemporary history, the mass media have had a special impact on the survival or destruction of governments and statesmen, and it has been repeatedly seen that in democratic societies, the media play a powerful force and lever of pressure in driving political currents. Even communication scientists have warned that foreign policy is now being shaped and directed by these tools, which are not good for national governments.Source: